Week 4: The Emergence of Modern Design


Met Timeline: Art Nouveau; Louis Comfort Tiffany; Japonisme; Nineteenth Century American Jewelry; Design 1900-25; The Pre-Raphaelites; Symbolism

Other Resources: The Lady Lever Art Gallery in Liverpool owns several Pre-raphaelite paintings, and features a good article with links to images on the movement itself. Search through the gallery's pages for other nineteenth-century artists we're studying as well. The National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. is currently featuring an exhibit on The Pre-Raphaelite Lens: British Photography and Painting, 1848–1875.See also the Guardian's page on an exhibit of Aesthetic Movement works at the Victoria and Albert Museum

I apologize in advance for spacing and coding problems in this list; the whole thing is a mash-up designed (well, sort of) to cram two weeks' worth of topics into one lecture because of the holiday. I just didn't have time to re-code the stuff that Dreamweaver screwed up.

The Gothic Revival in Architecture

The Palace of Westminster (British Parliament), Charles Barry and A. N. W. Pugin architects, 1835-67

Interior of the debating chamber in the House of Lords, designed by A. W. N. Pugin, 1847

The Oxford Museum of Natural History, designed with Ruskin's collaboration as an experiment in modern Gothic (opened in 1860) by Benjamin Woodward and T. N. Deane, 1858.

Although opposed to many aspects of modern technology, Ruskin was an "early adopter" of photography as an historical tool and, potentially, as an art form.

Symbolism

A note on using museum websites: Museums frequently feel the need to update their web presence(s), and even more frequently change the substance of their exhibits. If a link below from a major museum (such as the Met, MoMA--the Museum of Modern Art in New York--or even the DMA) doesn't work, go to the main site (the index page) and look for the search engine. At the Met you can often find the object by doing an artist search on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Even if the object is no longer on featured display, it's usually in the database if it's ever been shown online. Feel free to ask me to find it for you, but it'll save you time if you do a simple site search first.

Odilon Redon This is MoMA's page with a good essay on Redon and many works--mostly on paper. For a good collection of scans of other Redon works, see CGFA (there are three pages).

Beatrice, 1885
Flowers in a Black Vase, c. 1909-1910. For more DMA holdings, type "Redon" into the search window here.

Buddha, 1905 (the link is to the Webmuseum page; scroll down. This is discussed in the Japonism section, below. See the CGFA pages for more examples of Orientalism in Redon's work.)


Aubrey Beardsley
For a good collection of Beardsley works, see The Savoy: The Art of Aubrey Beardsley.

The Climax, 1893 (From Salome by Oscar Wilde)
The Peacock Skirt, 1893 (From Salome)

Turner, Ruskin, and the PreRaphaelite Brotherhood

The "grandfather" of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and the inspiration for the Preraphelite Brotherhood, was John Ruskin, who was then famous for his defense of J. M. W. Turner (more on Turner can be found on lists for both weeks one and two, and the Tate's images from its Turner Gallery), for his assessment of modern art in Modern Painters, and for his paean to the Gothic architectural style in The Stones of Venice--especially its chapter on "The Nature of Gothic." (The link is to Google Books and a reprint of an important segment of the essay, pp. 447-449; the image I showed in class is from the Kelmscott Press edition, printed in 1892)). He was also an accomplished watercolorist and social activist.

Self Portrait (watercolor) and a photograph by Elliot & Fry (1873)

Ruskin was the first British art critic to embrace the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, with its emphasis on the moral content of art. See the Tate Gallery's exhibition on Ruskin, Turner, and the Pre-Raphaelites, to augment the images I provide.

Ford Madox Brown (Artchive page; see the Artcyclopedia for museum holdings)

Work (and detail; 1852-1863)

John Everett Millais (the link is to the Lady Lever featured artist page; the Tate's catalogue of Millais's work begins here; it's 7 pages long)

Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones (the link is to the Tate Gallery's extensive collection of works by Burne-Jones). For more Burne-Jones and a biography, go to the CGFA online gallery.
Spring (1869-70), Autumn (1869-70), Day (1870), Night (1870)

Pilgrim at the Gates of Idleness 1875-93 (see this at the DMA). If you're interested in seeing the rest of the series, go to the Victorian Web's article with an image of The Heart of the Rose, 1889 (linked to an article on the Victorian Web), and Love and the Pilgrim (or Love Leading the Pilgrim) 1896-7 (Tate Museum).

La Pia de' Tolommei 1868-80 (Spencer Museum of Art)

Beata Beatrix 1864-1870. The Art Institute of Chicago's version is here; note the framing. A decent student essay about the painting is available at the Victorian Web, along with a good scan. Here's a link to one of the poems Rossetti initially buried with his wife, Elizabeth Siddal (representing Beatrice here), "On the Vita Nuova."

Photo of William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones (platinum print) from the Victoria and Albert Museum collections. Photos of Morris and the Watts portrait are available on the Wikimedia Commons page.

Images of Jane (Burden) Morris: by Dante Gabriel Rossetti (see Proserpine, above), by Evelyn de Morgan; several images including photographs.

William Morris, La Belle Iseult or Guinevere--the painting for which Jane Burden posed, and of which he was purported to have said, "I cannot paint you, but I love you."

Red House, Bexleyheath, Kent 1860 designed by Philip Webb for William Morris and Jane Burden. Images of Red House today. See also this recent article in the Guardian Unlimited on Red House: "Garden of Earthly Delights." For readers, here is an article from the Guardian Unlimited that discusses Pugin's influence on the design of Red House: "House Rules" by Jonathan Glancey. A rather interesting 8-minute lecture (QuickTime) on the plans for Red House is available through the V&A. More videos are available through this link.

Three Morris & Co. wallpaper designs: Acanthus Leaf; Chrysanthemum; Willow Bough.

The Green Dining Room, Victoria and Albert Museum (a view of the tile panel and door frame)

Printing and Typography: Morris and the Kelmscott Press

An exhibit from the University of Glasgow, Graphic Design and Visual Culture in Europe 1890-1945: Private Press Books in Special Collections, features images of a number of publications by the press.

The first page of Morris's illumination of the Odes of Horace 1876 (a photo of Michael Palin holding the book itself can be seen here). Morris's illuminated version of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (1872). Burne-Jones and Morris worked together on both.

William Morris, The Water of The Wondrous Isles 1897.

The British Library's page on the Kelmscott Chaucer (illustrated by Burne-Jones; borders and typograpy designed by Morris). The image I showed is now available from the University of Delaware Library.

Stained Glass: Neil Ralley's Stained Glass Photography pages on Morris contains twelve pages of excellent images of Morris & Co. glass. The Baptism of Christ window by Burne Jones is on page 1.

Japonisme

One of the most important influences on late nineteenth-century art was Japanese woodblock printing, and this page on Viewing Japanese Prints has a large number by a large number of artists--including Hiroshige, whose prints were collected by numerous Western artists, like Monet and Cezanne.

The Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute features a long, highly informative article that you may find useful: Visions of People: The Influences of Japanese Prints—Ukiyo-e Upon Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century French Art by Patricia Flynn.

*Mary Cassatt, The Letter (1891) and The Bath (1891-92). (CGFA)

Since the Van Gogh Museum has redesigned its website, the best information on some of the following is more difficult to obtain. Click on "permanent collection" and go from there. I've linked alternative sources where possible.

Vincent Van Gogh, The Bridge in the Rain, 1887. Images are from the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam; Ando Hiroshige, Rainstorm on Ohashi Bridge. c. 1857, from the series One Hundred Famous Views of Edo.

The Courtesan, 1887; Cover of Paris Illustré, 1886 featuring Keisei Eisen's original woodcut image. This page from the van Gogh Museum includes the painting and some details, as well as a thumbnail of the original (A page on "Van Gogh's Japonisme" is in Dutch, but all the Japanese prints I showed are included. Another page on Japonisme in Western art can be found at the same site.)

Utagawa Kuniyoshi Picking Cherry Blossoms. c. 1848 (one of the prints in Van Gogh's collection)

Sprig of Flowering Almond in a Glass (Blossoming Almond Branch in a Glass). 1888

Flowering Plum Tree after Hiroshige. 1887. Hiroshige's print, Kameido Ume (Japanese apricot) Garden, 1857, also from the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo series.

*Claude Monet, La Japonaise, 1876.

L'art Nouveau

Alphonse Mucha (Czechoslovakia)

The Seasons, 1896 (his Hours are also featured on this page)

JOB, 1896

Moet & Chandon Cremant Imperial 1899

Fuchsia Necklace, 1905

René Lalique (France)

Dragonfly woman corsage ornament, c. 1897-1898

Peacock pectoral, c. 1898-1900

Jugendstijl and the Vienna Secession

The Vienna Secession is worthy of a course in itself, and the library has two films called Vienna 1900 (the longer one is the best); here's a website that provides a sense of the scope of the era: Vienna 1900, but see the annotated links on the right for more information.

Josef Maria Olbrich: Secession Building, Vienna, 1898

The Three Ages of Woman, 1905

The Kiss, 1908; detail


Portrait of Adele Bloch Bauer, 1907 and article from the BBC on its recent sale. Here's a link to the Neue Gallerie in New York, where the painting is now on exhibit. Click on "collection" for the image and some commentary.

The Glasgow School
Gesamptkunstwerke
Sagrada Familia 1882 to 1926 (construction still in progress)

Interior photo (from Great Buildings Online. More photos here.)

Casa Milà 1905 to 1910. More photos.
Park Güell, Barcelona, 1900 to 1914; here's an interesting video visit to the park on YouTube. (The park has been omitted from this version of the lecture, but look at it anyway; it's seriously cool.)

Greene and Greene (Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene). Visit the Greene & Greene Virtual Archives for information and images. A new discovery: architectural drawings of the Gamble House from the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. The following two houses are good examples of what will come to be called Gesamptkunstwerke in Vienna. The 1985 film, Back to the Future featured exterior shots of the Gamble House, and Interior shots of the Blacker House as sets for Dr. Brown's home.

The Gamble House by Greene & Greene, designed in 1908; interior photos.
The Blacker House, also by Greene & Greene, 1907. The entry doors are now a featured item in the Dallas Museum of Art's decorative arts collection. The removal of these doors and other architectural and decorative features of this house caused a furor among art lovers, and helped to spark preservation efforts around the country.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Imperial Hotel, Tokyo 1912-1923 (Demolished in 1968); Place setting, dinnerware for the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo 1922; Side chair for the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo c. 1920. There's a nice shot of a partially rebuilt section of the Hotel at this blog (scroll down). See also the Great Buildings Online page, and a YouTube video on the reconstructed entrance and main lobby. Other videos of Wright's buildings are featured on the same page.

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Additional Resources

New and/or Noteworthy

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York has opened a new exhibition called Barcelona and Modernity: Gaudí to Dalí; it features works representative of the periods we'll be studying for the rest of the quarter, and introduces you to some artists you've never heard of but might find intriguing. Also at the Met: Louis Comfort Tiffany at Laurelton Hall, with some spectacular examples of Art Nouveau in the US.

Here's a useful and nicely designed timeline of the period, with illustrations from the Tate exhibit on Klimt.

See also these Links to Symbolist Art & Poetry.

The Minneapolis Institute of Arts exhibit on Modernism includes many of the artists and movements from this section.

Art Nouveau

About the best source you can look at for information on Art Nouveau, its context, and some of the images I showed is the National Gallery of Art's page on Teaching Art Nouveau.

The Art Nouveau Worldwide Server is a clearinghouse of web information on the movement. Images can elsewhere be found under a number of names (Art Nouveau is the French term), including Jugendstil ("young style" in German) and Secession in Germany and Austria, Nieuwe Kunst ("new art") in the Netherlands, and Liberty Style in England. See especially the National Gallery of Art's Anatomy of an Exhibition: Art Nouveau 1890-1914. Click on "Introduction" to get to a good summary of the movement.

Art Nouveau (What used to be called Art Millennium, and is now simply "History of Art" used to have a page on this topic; it's still under construction, but look for the Styles and Movements, then Art Nouveau).

QDesign, a New Zealand design company, offers a tidy history of the "new art" on its History of Industrial Design: Art Nouveau page. Note: a search for Jugendstil on Google will link you with many sites--most of which are in German. Feel free to look at these, using the "translate this page" option--but keep in mind that machine translation works badly at best. The only thing you can expect to accomplish is a general idea of what the page is about--and please do NOT quote these articles as sources unless you can actually speak German and know what they're really saying.

The Victor Horta Museum in Brussels is housed in his former studio.

Paris Metro Entrances from Great Buidlings Online

Art Nouveau in England can be seen in the work of Aubrey Beardsley, among others.

As usual, the Artcyclopedia can help you locate Art Nouveau artists such as Alfonse Mucha.

Senses Art Nouveu Belgium is a company with a links page with good sources.

Here's an "explore and learn" page from the Met on Louis Comfort Tiffany.

Gaudi and Barcelona

Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Familia is the home site of Gaudi's unfinished Sagrada Familia church. See also Great Buildings Online's page on the church (scroll down) for some good photos.

The Glasgow School & The Four

The work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh and his wife, Margaret Macdonald, provides a link between the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and the Continental craftsmen/designers of the Secession and Jugendstil. His design for a House for an Art Lover was created for a Secession exhibition (I have a small portfolio of the designs).

See the Glasgow School of Art page on Mackintosh, The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society, and the Armin Grewe Mackintosh pages for further information and images. The Mackintoshes have become a cottage industry in Scotland, and a Google search will find you more web pages than you can get through in a day.

The Victorian Web page on Mackintosh.

Recommended viewing: The Fall and Rise of Charles Rennie Mackintosh in the Kelley Library. VHS ID 1703

See also Charles Rennie Mackintokintosh, A Modern Man, VHS ID 1427

The Secession and Jugendstil

Newly discoverd: iklimt, a website devoted to the work of Gustav Klimt. This is a nice example of how interactive media can enhance the enjoyment of art.

One of the most influential movements in Europe at the turn of the century was the Vienna Secession, and you can find further information at the following sites: The Secession Building featured an exhibit devoted to Beethoven's life and work. Gustav Klimt's contribution was the Beethoven Frieze. For more on Klimt, see the WebMuseum page on his work. A website called The Art Bin (an e-zine) devoted an issue to Vienna Around 1900--The Turn of a Century with lots of links to external sites. A good site on Secession architecture can be found on the Digital Archive of Architecture page. Another Secession artist, but one whose work is essentially Expressionist, is Egon Schiele.

A page on the Darmstadt artists' colony where Olbrich was a resident.