Week 8: From Romanesque to Gothic: Virtual reality in the Middle Ages


For general information, see Medieval Architecture: Romanesque and Gothic from the Digital Archive of Architecture. Also take a look at the Metropolitan Museum of Art's page on Romanesque Art.

Your primary responsibilites for this week are to understand the evolution of churches in the Middle Ages, the origins and purposes of design innovations, and the signifcance of these churches in the communities they served. Be able to recognize the facades of most of the churches and cathedrals we discuss; in most cases you will not have to recognize interiors, but you will have to know what part of a basilica plan church is represented by a particular image.

Map: Medieval Europe. The link is to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's page on monastacism in Medieval Christianity; click on the map to enlarge. See also this page on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostella, The Way of Saint James (Wikipedia).

Basilica plans: Roman basilica plan (this is the original plan of St. Peter's in Rome); diagram of the basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (and a cutaway drawing); later basilica form; basilica plan churches. Here is a diagram of a typical Norman Arch. The most important diagrams are in Kleiner.

For anyone interested in background on Medieval life and culture, and who don't particularly find history all that compelling, I suggest that you take a look at Ken Follett's best-selling book, Pillars of the Earth.

Norman (British) and Romanesque (on the Continent)

Durham Cathedral, begun 1093. Interior, several views; includes a shot of the groin vaults and ribbing of the nave ceiling. And here's a 360 degree panoramic view taken from the crossing; you can stop the movie with your mouse and then move it around to get a comprehensive view. A gallery of photos can be found on the Durham Cathedral web page. Another source for good images is the Sacred Destinations page.

St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, 1000-1033 (Cathedral home page; includes 360 degree views of the nave and cloister). Interior, nave towards apse. Plan (with a drawing of the church; the virtual tour plan is located here). Detail of a column capital. Chancel barrier (between the nave and choir). Here are a couple of shots of the exterior. See also the Wikimedia Commons page on the church.

Abbey Church of Ste. Foy, Conques ca. 1115-1135 (overview photo). Here's some information on the reliquary, from the home page of the town of Conques. Nave looking east, and more images (from Bryn Mawr College). Column capital.

The Art Images for College Teaching pages on Medieval Art incude six on the Romanesque: buildings and sculpture--including Ste. Foy, but also Autun and Moissac, which I didn't have time to include. If you want a comprehensive view (especially of the sculpture), spend some time here.

Gothic: France

A good plan of a typical Gothic basilica can be found here, via Wikipedia.

Abbey Church of St. Denis, Île-de-France, 1144. Ambulatory. Note: the source page contains many other images of objects, architectural elements, stained glass, and plans, all of which can be enlarged.

Cathedral of Notre Dame, Chartres (begun 1194, consecrated 1260); this Wikipedia page is as good a place to start as any, but Sacred Destinations has multiple views and a plan are available on its photo gallery. The University of Pittsburg has several useful pages available through its library.

Notre Dame (The Cathedral of Paris) 1163-1250. Here are some more images from a general site on Gothic Cathedrals. Here is an etching of a Notre Dame de Paris gargoyle, by John Taylor Arms: Gargoyle and Quarry, Notre Dame (1920), and a direct link to the gargoyle spouts on the Cathedral from the main link. If you can't get enough of this stuff, here's an entire page on The Gargoyles of Notre Dame. I also showed sculptures of animals on Laon Cathedral, and there's a set of great photos by "AEngineer" on Flickr.

St. Pierre Cathedral, Beauvais 1225-1272 (this Wikipedia article has excellent photos and a plan). An essay on why Beauveais Cathedral collapsed. Here's a clickable map, and this article on scanning and modeling the cathedral contains a wealth of information and pictures.

Sainte-Chapelle, 1243-48. Interior (with a close-up of a lancet window). See also the Great Buildings Online and Sacred Destinations pages on Sainte-Chapelle.

Gothic: England

Salisbury Cathedral, England. c. 1213-1360; spire built c. 1330. I showed two exterior views (one from Wikipedia) and one of the nave. Click on the "history" link on the official web page for a timeline, and "online gallery" for several views of both the interior and exterior. An excellent page is also available through the University of Virginia: The Salisbury Project. It includes tours of the interior and exterior of the building, as well as considerable information.

Gothic: Italy

Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore home page). Begun in 1296 by Arnolfo da Cambio (see this plan for his original concept); apse and dome by Brunelleschi (1421-36). The official page (linked) offers history, a cutaway view of the church, and links to other images. The music's sort of nice, too.

St. Mark's Basilica, Venice. Commissioned in 1063, reworked almost continuously to the present. A warning: the link is to the new (gorgeous) San Marco website, within which it's easy to get lost. Nonetheless, try to spend some time exploring some of the interactive features. Not everything seems to be working yet, but this is yet another example of how interactive media can help us understand the history of art.

Exterior view, from Piazza di San Marco (Wikipedia). Exterior view from above (Great Buidlings Online); facade mosaic (Sacred Destinations).

Interior view of the Nave, looking east. (Sacred Destinations; see the photo gallery for more images); ceiling mosaic (Wikipedia); tessellated floor (Sacred Destinations; it's a bit blurry, but you'll get the idea).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Additional Resources

New: a virtual reconstruction of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, from the Plan of Rome site at the University of Caen.

Bill Thayer's article on the Roman Basilica (from his excellent and exhaustive LacusCurtius site) provides extensive background on the basilica as an architectural form and accounts for its appeal as a model for Christian churches.

Nova's recent film about Building the Great Cathedrals is now available online.

Digital Archive of Architecture: pages on Romanesque and Gothic.

Great Buildings Online includes a page on Romanesque architecture with many more examples than I gave.

Romanesque architecture in England
A brief history of the Romanesque, or Norman, period of English architecture, covering the period 1066-1180.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Timeline of Art History devotes a special topics page to Romanesque Art

Here's another page from the Met timeline on Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity.

The Corpus of Romanesque Sculpture in Britain and Ireland is an "evolving electronic archive of British and Irish Romanesque stone sculpture." Since I spend little time on sculpture in the lecture, this would be a good place to enjoy what the British Isles had to offer after the Norman Conquest. The Chevron Gallery provides a thorough description of column design styles, and the Search the Corpus page lists sites where the sculptures can be seen, along with maps and particular features (such as columns, doorways, etc.).

If you can handle Italian, here's a page on Italian Romanesque sculpture.

This page on Romanesque Europe contains a number of images and multiple views of each building listed, along with maps and plans. This page seems to be down more than it's up, but keep trying.

Art Images for College Teaching (AICT) has a whole section on Medieval art, including pages on French and Spanish Romanesque--among others, including Islamic Art & Architecture. The thumbnails lead to larger color images and brief descriptions.

Romanesque and Gothic Architecture Plans from Rice University's Humanities Electronic Studio Project. Use these to compare floor plans of churches and cathedrals. The main course page site is at HART 205: Gothic and Romanesque Architecture.

Elizabeth Peterson's very nice page on Gothic Cathedrals and other significant Medieval sites. Not all the images are very good, but several cathedrals are included, with maps, etc.

The Glossary for Medieval Art and Architecture should be helpful if you're having trouble coming up with concise definitions of terms, or you missed something in the lecture.

Here's a page on Gargoyle History and Etymology to answer questions on why they're there and what they do. I found this on Princeton Online's links page on the Middle Ages, where there's more information on myriad topics. Not all links work, and some are cheesy, but there are some gems in here.

Don't miss the Met's Special Topics page on Gothic Art (part of the Timeline of Art History). See also the page on Medieval European Sculpture for Buildings.

History of Gothic Architecture is a Japanese page (in English) with brief descriptions of various Gothic churches (click on the thumbnails).

Earthlore's pages on Gothic Dreams is packed with information and examples--as well as glossaries, etc. I'm skeptical of some of the other content on the main site, but this seems pretty solid, and it's well illustrated.

Great Buildings Online's page on Gothic architecture. This can be confusing because it includes Gothic Revival (like the Brooklyn Bridge), so pay attention to the dates.

The University of Pittsburgh's Images of Medieval Art and Architecture includes a substantial number of images of both Romanesque and Gothic structures, as well as associated works (stained glass, sculpture, etc.). There's also a glossary. This site is so good that it's linked on the Met's Gothic art pages.

The WorldImages Kiosk at San Jose State University has a collection of images that includes Gothic architecture. The link is to French Gothic, but go to Medieval: 5th-15th Centuries in the main collections section to see other images and periods.

For typophiles, here's a page on Romanesque and Beneventan scripts (hand letterforms) from manuscript leaves. The home page is European Illustrated Books and Manuscripts c. 1400-1700--and contains many more examples of medieval scripts.

If you're interested in the relationship between Medieval Gothic and modern notions of Gothic, check this site out: A Gothic Overview: Architecture, Garden Design, & Much More by Robert Viau of Georgia College and State University.

"The Nature of Gothic: Excerpts from The Stones of Venice" by John Ruskin, an influential Victorian art critic and historian. His views on the Gothic inspired the Gothic Revival in nineteenth-century Britain, and his observations are part of any serious artist's intellectual vocabulary.

The full text of Ruskin's "Nature of Gothic" from The Stones of Venice. This is one of the foundational texts of the Arts and Crafts movement, which we'll study next quarter. But it's relevant to this course because Ruskin, perhaps more than any other writer, "gets" the spirit of Gothic architecture. He also provides some real insight into Italian Gothic, especially as it is expressed in Venice.

St. Mark's Basilica

Another page, with links to sculpture (the Labors of the Months) and a paining of a scene from the life of St. Mark.

A photochrome image of St. Mark's taken from the 1890s to the early 1900s, from the U. S. Historical Archive.

Canaletto's Piazza San Marco--looking Southeast (1735-40)

Applied Art History: a new section devoted to websites that reflect the uses to which art history can be put (especially in relation to our programs and degrees).

As promised, the Amiens Cathedral Project from Columbia University.The site includes photographs and computer reconstructions of various parts of the Cathedral.

Here's something kind of weird and wonderful: a collection of miniature versions of several buildings we've studied this quarter from Gene Gill Minatures.

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